including的用法总结 第1篇

从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would／could／might＋动词原形”。

例句：

You look as if you didn’t care.

你看上去好像并不在乎。

He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.

他说起罗马来好像他以前去过罗马似的。

He opened his mouth as if he would say something.

他张开嘴好像要说什么。

including的用法总结 第2篇

1、with 结构修饰名词，with 作后置定语，不紧跟前面名词的情况。

例，Bihar is India's poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, lower than that of the mostimpoverished countries of the world.

with 结构 修饰 Bihar

2、with 结构修饰名词，紧跟名词的情况。

例，Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into

five groups, each with its own 结构修饰 each (group)

including的用法总结 第3篇

（2）on表示地点、位置,有“在.旁”、“接近”、“靠近”之意.如：

a house on the main road 临大街的房子,sit on my right 坐在我的`右边

（3）on表示状态,译为“处于.情况中,从事于.”等.如：

on duty 值日,on holiday 度假

（4）on表示“在.上面”,用在表示物体的名词前.如：

on the box 在盒子上

on和over都是介词,on表示“在.上面”,指一物体与另一物体表面相接触；over表示“在.上方”,指一物体与另一物体不接触.试比较：

There is a light on the desk．桌子上有盏台灯.（light与desk接触）

There is a light over the desk．桌子上方有一盏灯.（light与desk不接触）

表示“在.上”,介词on与in必须注意习惯用法,否则会出错.不妨比较一番：

on the tree／in the tree都译为“.在树上”.前者表示树上本身所长着的叶子、花、果实等；后者表示某物或某人在树上.

on the wall／in the wall都译为“在墙上”.由于介词不同,在使用上有区别.图画、黑板、风筝等“在墙上”,是因为它们在墙的表面上,故用on the wall；门窗、钉子、洞、孔等“在墙上”,是因为它们在墙的里面,故用in the wall.

有疑问在线交谈 祝你新年快乐 天天开心 心想事成 ...

including的用法总结 第4篇

and和or的用法：

1、and和or的用法并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。但有时and 也可用于否定句。

2、在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。

3、or用于连接并列的单词、词组、短语或句子,表示“或者”的意思。or用在选择疑问句中,灵活译为“还是”。or用于否定句中,代替and ,表示“和”的意思。

4、or用于连接两个并列的句子,表示“否则,要不然”的意思。

and：

1. Remember, keep a positive attitude and good things will happen.

记住：保持乐观的.心态，好事自然会发生。

2. The world breaks everyone, and afterward, many are stronger at the broken places.

生活总是让我们遍体鳞伤，但到后来，那些受伤的地方会变得更坚强。

3. For what do we live, but to make sport for our neighbours, and laugh at them in our turn?

我们活着是为了什么？不就是给邻居当笑柄，再反过来笑他们。

4. When life gets hard and you want to give up, remember that life is full of ups and downs, and without the downs, the ups would mean nothing.

当生活很艰难，你想要放弃的时候，请记住，生活充满了起起落落，如果没有低谷，那站在高处也失去了意义。

5. Good luck is when an opportunity comes along and you're prepared for it.

好运就是当机会来临时，你早已做好了准备。

6. I will return, find you, love you, marry you and live without shame.

我会回去，找到你，爱你，娶你，活的光明正大。《赎罪》

7. It's not about making the amazing saves. It's the little things and small things that made great gatekeepers great.

伟大的门将不是靠神奇的扑救成就，而是靠注重小事和细节成功。

or：

1. No matter where you go in life or how old you get, there's always something new to learn about. After all, life is full of surprises.

不管你生活在哪里，你有多少岁，总有新东西要学习，毕竟，生活总是充满惊喜。

2. Remember, happiness doesn't depend upon who you are or what you have; it depends solely upon what you Carnegie

请记住，幸福不在于你是谁或者你拥有什么，而仅仅取决于你的心态！

3. If your skin becomes red, sore or very scaly, consult your doctor.

如果皮肤发红、瘙痒或脱皮，要向医生咨询。

4. There is nothing sinister or conspiratorial about the export licensing system.

这种出口许可制度没有任何阴险或者见不得人的东西。

5. Do you sweat a lot or flush a lot?

你常出汗或是脸上常发烫吗？

6. Serve the cake warm or at room temperature, cut in squares.

等蛋糕温热或凉至室温时切成四方块端上桌。

7. I started with the Viennese speciality frittatensuppe, or pancake soup.

我吃的第一道菜是维也纳特色菜鸡蛋饼汤，也叫炒饼汤。

including的用法总结 第5篇

“that”在英文中是一个使用频率很高的单词。它有四种词性，并且句法及语_能纷繁复杂。同学们如果不能熟练掌握其用法，很可能会形成英语学习的一种障碍，从而影响其学习兴趣和效率。现将that的用法总结归纳如下：

第一、that 用作形容词（后接复数名词时用those）。

它用来指已被提到的人或物；也可表对比，指两个中较远的那个。

what about that book you borrowed from me last month？

请注意，that 有时候在句子中具有喜欢或轻蔑等感情色彩。

that little son of his 他那个小宝贝儿子

that george！乔治那家伙！（含有轻蔑语气）

第二、that 用作代词。

1. that 用作指示代词（复数形式是those），其指代意义同形容词用法，同时它还可以用作定语从句中的先行词；还可为了避免重复，代替前述名词。

that is what he told me.

what is that (which) you have got in your hand?

the price of rice is higher than that of flour.

2. that 用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句。先行词可人可物，用法相当于who或which。（但是在下列情况下多用that：先行词既有人又有物时；先行词有形容词最高级、序数词、不定代词、very，only等修饰时；先行词是不定代词时）

he talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.

i think it one of the most wonderful films that the film company has ever produced.

she has little information that is useful for our research.

is there anything that i can do for you?

请注意，that 在定语从句中作宾语时通常可省略。

the books (that) i sent you will help you in your studies.

第三、that 用作连词，引导名词性从句,状语从句和强调句。

1. that名词性从句。

①引导宾语从句。及物动词后的引导词that可省略。

i didn't expect (that) he could win the championship.

the teacher pointed out that tom was not working hard enough.

② 引导主语从句。通常采用it作形式主语的句型。

that the earth goes around the sun is known to everyone.

（it is known to everyone that the earth goes around the sun.）

③引导表语从句。

the trouble is that we are short of money.

④引导同位语从句。

引导同位语从句的that和引导定语从句的that是不同的。前者只起语法作用，在从句中不作任何成分；而后者在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。举例说明：

the news that he resigned from office surprised us.

the idea that he holds is very common nowadays on campus.

2. that引导状语从句

①引导目的状语从句。

bring it nearer that i may see it better.

②引导结果状语从句。

what have i done that he should be so angry with me?

③引导原因状语从句。

i am afraid that i will fail in the driving test.

④引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然、尽管”。

difficult that/as the task was, they managed to accomplish it on time.

⑤引导条件状语从句。意为“假使、假设”。

supposing that you were in my position, what would you do?

on condition that you were lost in the desert, you should ask for help as soon as possible.

3. 引导强调句。

it is mrs. white that makes the decision in her family, not her meek little husband.

it is an ill wind that blows nobody good.

第四、that用作副词。

1. that用作普通副词。

i was that/so angry i could have hit him.

2. that用作关系副词。引导定语从句，可以代替when，where， why或 in which，常可省略。

i will never forget the evening (that) / when we went to the theatre.

the house (that)/where i used to live has been knocked down.

第五，与that 有关的常见重要短语。

1. in that，意为“既然、因为”。

criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us correct our mistakes.

2. now that，意为“既然、由于”。

now that they have taken matters into their hands, the pace of events has quickened.

3. see (to it) that，意为“注意、务必做到、保证”。

we will see to it that she gets home early.

see to it that you are not late again.

4. seeing that，意为“鉴于、由于”。

seeing that it is 8 o'clock, we'll wait no longer.

seeing that he was busy with his work, i didn't disturb him.

including的用法总结 第6篇

五)含as的固定词组的用法

soon as作“一…就”解，引导时间状语从句。eg：

As soon as I get to Beijing，I'll write to you.我一到北京，就给你写信。

long as作“只要”解，eg;

As/So long as you study hard，you'll make progress.只要你努力，你就会取得进步。

if/though常用来引导方式状语从句，作“好像，仿佛”解。如果从句中讲的是非真实情况，则用虚拟语气。eg：

She loves the child as if/though he were her own.她爱这个孩子如同爱自己的孩子。

As if/though也可用来引导表语从句，常用在“It appears/looks/seems...+as if/though”句型结构中。eg;

It appears as if/though it is going to clear up.看起来天要晴了。

It seems as if/though he knew nothing about it.他好像对此事一无所知。

to作“关于，至于”解。eg;

There is no doubt as to his honesty.他的诚实是无可置疑的。

much/many as作“多达...”，“达到...之多”解。eg：

He can earn as much as 5000 dollars a month.他每月能挣5000美元。

far as I know作“就我所知”解，在句中作插入语。eg：

As/So far as I know，he will come here next Monday.据我所知，他将于下星期一到这里来。

a result，as a result of表示“由于...的结果”。eg：

She died as a direct result of the accident.她的死是那次事故的直接结果。

8，as well为“也，还”之意。eg：

Come early，and bring your brother as well.早点来，把你的弟弟也带来。

as to，so...as to若跟动词原形，表示目的或结果。eg：

He studied hard so as to pass the exam.他努力学习以便通过考试。(表示目的)

as……as

AS +adj(原级)+AS

AS +adv(原级)+AS

as soon as 一……就

as soon as possible 尽可能快地

as early as possible 尽可能早的

as carefully as you can 尽可能认真地

as careful as you can 尽可能认真的

so...as 一般用于否定句,as...as 一般用于肯定句,(肯定否定都能用)

so...as不可用于肯定句.as...as与so...as均可表示“与……一样”,as...as...的用法:两个as中间可以加形容词或者副词,由它要修饰的内容决定.

它们的用法有异同之处:

肯定句用as...as,不用so...as;否定句两者均可使用.例如:

I didn't go as /so far as you.我走得不像你那么远.

They walked as far as the station.他们步行到了车站.

误:They walked so far as the station.

including的用法总结 第7篇

rather than

rather than 是一个并列连词，用法比较复杂，在四六级考试中经常出现，现归纳如下：

1. rather than 与would 连用时，构成“would rather...than...”句式，意思是“宁愿……而不愿……”，表示主观愿望，即在两者之中选择其一。例如：

She'd rather die than lose the children. 她宁愿死也不愿失去孩子们。

2. rather than 不与would连用时，表示客观事实，意为“是……而不是……;与其……不如……”。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。现分述如下：

(1) 连接两个名词或代词

He is an explorer rather than a sailor. 与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。

You rather than I are going to go camping. 是你而不是我要去要野营。

注意：rather than 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。

(2) 连接两个形容词

The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。

(3) 连接两个介词(短语)或动名词

We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall. 我们是在教室里开会，不是在大厅里。

She enjoys singing rather than dancing. 她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。

(4) 连接两个分句

We should help him rather than he should help us. 是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。

(5) 连接两个不定式

I decided to write rather than (to) telephone. 我决定写信而不打电话。

注意：rather than 后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to, 如上句。但rather than位于句首时，则只能接不带to 的不定式。如：Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price. 他唯恐蔬菜烂掉，把它们以半价卖掉了。

(6) 连接两个动词

He ran rather than walked. 他是跑来的，而不是走来的。

注意：这里rather than 后用了walked，而没有用walk，表示客观事实，而不是主观愿望。如果换成walk，则作“宁愿……而不愿 ……”解。

would rather

一、would rather意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”，后接动词原形,常省略为’d rather，表示优先选择的一种方式 ,其否定形式是would rather not do sth。would rather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather。

“would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用had rather。would (had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。

Mr Li would rather not listen to rock music. 李先生不愿意听摇滚音乐。

If you’d rather be alone, we’ll all leave here. 如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。

He’d rather work in the countryside. 她宁可到农村去工作。

You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening. 今晚你最好呆在家中读点书。

二、如果在两者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿……而不愿……，与其……宁可……”的意思时，则可用would rather…than…或would…rather than…的句型

I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。

The children would walk there rather than take a bus. 孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。

请注意 1) would rather…than…/would…rather than…也可以颠倒为：rather than…would…。Would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那么than 后的动词可以省略。

I would rather have noodles than rice. 我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。

He would rather drink wine than beer. 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。

Rather than work in such bad condition, he would give up. 与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。

使用would rather…than…句型时要注意“平行结构”，即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。

例 I would rather go to work by bike than by bus. 我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。

I would rather talk with his mother than with his father. 我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。

三、在疑问句式中，would rather 与would rather…than…中的would要放在主语之前

Would you rather stay here or go home? 你愿意呆在这里，还是回家?

Which would you rather have, apples or bananas? 你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉?

Would you rather read a novel than read a poem?你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗歌吗?

四、would rather+从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型 Would rather+从句,谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。其意为“宁愿……,还是…… 好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。

John wants to see me today. I would rather he came to tomorrow than today. 约翰今天想去看我。我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表示过去而是表示将来)

We’d rather he paid us the money tomorrow. 我们宁愿他明天付给我们那笔钱。

Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend. 明天别来。我希望你下周末来。

请注意:

1) 如果谈到过去的动作，也就是表示过去已经发生的事情在选择上不恰当。此时，主句一般为I had rather ,其(that)从句则用过去完成时。 例 Would rather you had not done that. 我真希望你没有做那件事。

2)如果只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人，则would rather之后不接that从句而接have done结构。

例 I would rather have gone to the theatre than stayed home night. 我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是呆在家里。 He would rather be poor than have got money by dishonest methods. 他宁可穷也不愿意用不诚实的手段获取金钱。

Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does.亨利希望他的女朋友和他在一个部门工作。

五、would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer的区别 would rather和would sooner之间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是would rather。

Tom would rather/sooner read than talk. 汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。 Tom prefers reading to talking.汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。

请注意 1)would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词，而在would rather之后要求只带动词原形。

He prefers wine to beer.= He would rather drink wine than beer. 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。

I prefer tennis to golf.= I’d rather play tennis than golf. 我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。

2)某些 prefer+名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来：He prefers dogs to cats.(他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。)和 He would rather have dogs than cats.(他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。)很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。

3) would rather+不带to的不定式有时可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式。

例 I’d rather fly than go by sea.=I’d prefer to fly. 我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。

这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样：

例 —Would you like some gin?

—I’d prefer a coffee.=I’d rather have coffee than gin.

—您想喝点杜松子酒吗?

—我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。

4)would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式，但后者带to。

We went by sea but I’d rather have gone by air=I’d prefer to have gone by air. 我们是乘船去的，可我本想乘飞机去。(我愿意乘飞机去，可我的愿望未能实现。)这和 would like+不定式的完成式有点相似，would like+带to 的不定式的完成式也表示未能实现的愿望。

【干货】Rather的3种用法

先看一个中文例子:

他不是坏人;r ather ，他是个好人。

“不是坏人”与“是好人”所表达的含义是同方向 的，所以“rather”单独出现在句中并不取反。

大家可以把“rather”翻译成“更精确地说”。

“rather”往往出现在“not A；rather, B”结构中 。我们可以把这个结构翻译成“不是A，而是B” 。相当于大家熟悉的“not A but B”。

【例】Such exposure seldom galvanizes  the public, which rather  seems to resign to a sense of impotency.

【译】这种报导不能 刺激 大众，而是 似乎让大众陷入到无能为力 的境地。

在这里，“rather”和前面的“seldom”构成了“not A rather B”的结构。

rather than=instead of=not

当出现“rather than”这个词组时，它们的含义为“not”，是取反 的方程等号。

【例】We will increasingly be managing ecological problems like global warming rather than solving  them.

【译】我们会更多地管理 诸如全球变暖的生态问题而不是解决 这些问题。

在这句话里，“rather than”相当于“not”，表示前后取反，类似的用法还有“instead of”。

rather+adj. = very+adj.

“rather”还有一个常见的用法：rather+ adj. = very+adj.

大家以后可以在作文中用“rather”替换“very”。

【例】The author paints a rather dark picture of book publishing as a hidebound industry。

including的用法总结 第8篇

Neutron Star Matter Including Delta Isobars

In this paper a new phase structure of neutron star matter including nucleons and delta isobars is fractions populated and pion condensations in neutron star matter are investigated in this model. The existence of the pion condensations can postpone the appearance of delta isobars. We found that both the pion condensation and reduce of the ratio of delta isobar to nucleons couplings can soften the corresponding equation of state. The maximum masses and their corresponding radii of neutron stars are calculated, and the obtained values are in observational region.

LIU Wei(Center for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China)

ZHAO En-Guang(Institute of Theoretical Physics, Academia Sinica, . Box 2735, Beijing 100080, China)

including的用法总结 第9篇

included和including的区别

1、词义上的区别：

Included：adj. 包括的';[植] 内藏的 v. 包括(include的过去式和过去分词)

Including：prep. 包含，包括

2、用法上的区别：

included过去分词，是种非谓语形式，可作状语，定语，表被动意义。

including是现在分词，是种非谓语形式，可作状语，定语，表主动意义。

including的用法总结 第10篇

一)as作副词，表示程度，意为“同样地”。在“as...as...”，“not as...as...”结构中的第一个as是副词，作“和/与...(不)一样”解。eg：

Jack is as tall as his father.杰克和他的父亲一样高。

He doesn't speak English as/so fluently as you.他的英语说得不如你流利。

二)as作介词。

1.作“如，像”解。eg：

They got united as one man.他们团结得像一个人一样。

2.作“充当，作为”解。eg：

As a writer，he was famous.作为作家，他是很有名的。

三)as作连词，常用来连接主句和状语从句。

1.引导时间状语从句，作“当...的时候”解，有“随着...”之意，与while意义相近，强调两个动作同时发生;或某事一发生，另一事立即发生。eg：

He shouted aloud as her ran along.他一边往前跑，一边高声地呼喊。

I was startled as he opened the door.他一开门，我吓了一跳。

as作连词，相当于when。eg;

As a little boy (When he was a little boy)he began to learn to play piano.他小时候就开始学弹钢琴。

2.引导原因状语从句，作“因为，由于”解，与because的用法相近。eg;

I must stop writing now，as I have rather a lot of work to do.我必须停笔了，因为我还有许多工作要做。

3.引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句，作“正如，(如)像”解。例eg：

As in your country，we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.正如(像)你们国家一样，我们在北方种小麦，在南方种大米。(方式状语从句)

When at Rome，do as Romans do.入乡随俗。(方式状语从句)

4.引导让步状语从句，作“虽然，尽管”解。这时从句常用倒装语序，即把从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在as之前。eg;

Strange as it may seem，it is true.尽管这事看上去很奇怪，但却是真的。

Try as he might，Tom could not get out of the difficulties.不管怎样努力，汤姆还是摆脱不了困境。

四)as作关系代词。

1.引导限制性定语从句，用在“such...as”,“the same...as”，“as...as”等结构中，常译作“像...一样的人(或物)”，“凡是...的人(或物)”。例eg：

He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.他曾希望做一个像雷锋那样的人。

My hometown is no longer the same as it was.我的家乡再也不像过去一样了。

2.引导非限制性定语从句，用来指代它前面的整个句子(即先行句)，意思是“这一点”。这个分句可以位于句首、句中或句末。eg：

As is well known，oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.我们知道，海洋占地球面积的百分之七十以上。

including的用法总结 第11篇

We'll never be intimidated by war threats, including nuclear war threats.

我们决不会被战争威胁包括核战争威胁所吓倒。

Some industries,including airlines and trucking have already started to deregulate.

包括航空业和货车运输业在内的若干行业已开始解除管制。

To do so is to change everything, including yourself.

这么做就是改变这一切，包括你自己。