英文论文标准格式范文 第1篇

英文论文致谢

Acknowledgements:

I would like to grant oceans of thanks to all my respected teachers and friendswho have offered me cordial assistance during the two and a half years.

First and foremost, I owe a special debt of gratitude to my respected supervisorProfessor Li Changbao, for his patient guidance, insightful suggestions and through the whole process of my thesis. Without his and invaluable suggestions, it would really be a difficult task for me tocomplete this thesis by myself.

Special thanks should also go to all the excellent professors who have taught mein this university over the past two years, for leading me into the field of researchwork, and giving me tremendous inspiration, courage and confidence during my studyhere. Their insightful lectures have made my study delightful and enjoyable.

Finally, I am also deeply indebted to all my family members and friends for theirencouragement which inspires me every time when I have no motivation to continue.

I must mention all my roommates, who give me a comfortable atmosphere to studyand do me a lot of favor when I need help.

Acknowledgements:

I would like to extend my deep gratitude to all those who have offered me a lot ofhelp and support in the process of my thesis writing.

First and foremost, my sincere thanks go to Professor Li Changbao, my supervisor,who has offered me numerous valuable comments and suggestions with and encouraged me profoundly throughout my postgraduate study. Without hispainstaking teaching and insightful advice, the completion of this thesis would havebeen impossible.

Also, I owe many thanks to all the professors who have taught me during myprevious study in this university, for leading me into a challenging yet fascinating fieldof academic research. The profit that I gained from them will be of to my future research.

Last but not least, I am deeply indebted to my family and friends, who have helpedme and shared with me my worries, frustrations, and happiness.

Acknowledgements:

The writing of a PhD dissertation is not an easy task, especially for someone whohas just begun her academic journey. During the evolution of this dissertation. I amdeeply indebted to a number of people who have guided and supported me in manyways.

I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my research supervisor. ProfessorShen Li for her sincere and selfless support, prompt and useful advice during myresearch. She gives me a lifetime unforgettable memory of her benevolence, patience,intelligence,diligence and erudition.

My gratitude also goes to Professor Chu Xiaoquan, Qu Weiguo and Shen Yuan ofthe Department of English, College of Foreign Languages and Literature, FudanUniversity. They gave me substantial suggestions for the refinement of thisdissertation during my pre-oral defense.

I would also like to thank Professor Zhang Chunbai of the College of ForeignLanguages, East China Normal University. Professor Huang Guowen of the Collegeof Foreign Languages, Zhongshan University and Professor Wang Tongshun of theCollege of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiaotong University, for careful review ofmy dissertation and their valuable comments.

I would like to extend my special thanks to Professor Wu Zhongwei ofInternational Cultural Exchange School. Fudan University. Being my supervisorduring the MA studies, he awakened my interest in SLA and TCSOL in particular. Thesame gratitude also goes to Professor Chen Liangmin of the Department of French,College of Foreign Languages and Literature, Fudan University. He introduced me theelegance of the French language which I chose as my major for bachelor's study and Iwould never forget what I have learnt from him.

My special thanks also go to my mentor Professor Shen Xiaoxiao ofInternational Cultural Exchange School. Fudan University. He provided metremendous guidance and support for my administrative work as master students'counselor and built a perfect model of a teacher, an advisor and a leader.

I am also grateful to Mme Zhang Shiyu' Li Lin. Shen Anyi and He Shijin fortheir spiritual support during my project. I am always indebted to the encouragementsthey gave me.

Lastly and most importantly. I would like to acknowledge the endless support,encouragement patience and understanding of my family. They gave me the incentiveto do this work and have put up unquestioningly with the difficult person that I hadbecome in the last few critical months of finalizing this dissertation. I love themforever.

Acknowledgements:

First and foremost, I would like to send my sincere gratitude to my supervisorProfessor Li Changbao. Without his devoted guidance during the whole course fromthe selection of the topic to the final manuscript and the efforts he has made to revisethe manuscript, this thesis would not be what it is now. Meanwhile, during the pasttwo and half years, he also provided me with valuable suggestions about study andlife which may benefit me in my whole life.

High tribute shall also be paid to all the teachers who have taught me during mygraduate study. Profound and intelligent, they endowed me with new insights towardsmy study. Among those teachers, I am really grateful to Mr. Teng Chao and Ms. ChenXianghong who are so gentle and considerate to share with me the importantmaterials I need when writing the thesis.

Finally, I am indebted to my parents and friends who have always supported meand encouraged me during the course of the thesis writing.

Acknowledgements:

The acconq)lishment of this thesis is owing to the unreserved instruction and persistentendeavour from a lot of people,to whom I would express my sincere gratitude, for this thesiscan't come into being without their joint effort.

First and foremost, my sincerest thanks go to my distinguished supervisor,ProfessorShao Zhihong, who is always granting me constant instruction, and showing me anenlightment when I'm in confusion. From the thesis proposal, structure to the content, he hasgiven precious inspiration. I am deeply encouraged by his profound knowledge, insightfulteaching and conscientious modification.

Secondly, my sincere appreciation also goes to all course instructors whose excellentprofession and good virtue have presented me with wisdom and intuition. Thanks for theirgenerous sharing which has prepared me for the thesis.

Finally, I'd like to extend my thanks to my parents and my friends who often give mecare and encouragement in the process of my study. Under their love,I can go with strongmotivation and power and that now I can be here,completing my postgraduate studysmoothly.

Acknowledgements:

Before concluding this thesis, I would like to take the precious opportunity to extend mywholehearted gratitude to all who have been helping me with my accomplishment of thispaper.

First and foremost,I owe my deepest gratitude to my distinguished supervisor, ProfessorYan Jinglan,who empowered me with inspiration and instruction, guided me in collection ofabundant materials, and enlightened me while in confusion. I am deeply grateful for thecontinuous support throughout my post-graduate study, especially during the time I studied atImperial College London. Without her dedicated assistance and insightfiil supervision, Iwould not have the courage to pursue for another master degree at Imperial, let alone thisthesis.

My sincere appreciation also goes to my prestigious master programme team at EastChina University of Science and Techonlogy, just to name a few, Professor Yu Yuguo,Professor Shao Zhihong,Professor Wang Jianguo, Professor Yang Huimin,Ms. Zhang Pan,Ms. Lin Mei, etc.,whose thought-provoking instruction imparted profound knowledge andmorality and who accredited me the opportunity to study abroad and experience in the globalcontext within my post-graduate study.

Last but not least,I am so gratefial to the programme team at Imperial College BusinessSchool, which allowed me getting access to the facilities and data polls,represented by MarcoMongiello, MBA programme senior director and Frankie Galati, senior and associate professor Sankalp Chaturvedi, supporting me with direct data andkey facts about course designs through personal emails and interviews. Without their kindestassistance, this study would have gone nowhere.

英文论文标准格式范文 第2篇

一、英语论文的标题

打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。

接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。

二、英语论文提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。

各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。

如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、英语论文正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。

段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。

英文论文标准格式范文 第3篇

1、内容要求：

2、格式要求：

图、表、公式均应有编号，编号使用阿拉伯数字编排，从“图1”、“表1”和“(1)”连续编号顺延到“主要参考文献”之前。图、表、公式较多时，可分章编号。

图、表均应有文字标题，图、表的编号与文字标题之间用冒号隔开，图的编号和标题应位于图的下方居中，表的编号和标题应位于表的上方居中，表的编排建议采用国际通行的`三线表。

公式应另起行并左缩进若干字符，与周围文字留出足够的空间区分开。如有两个以上的公式，应用从“1”开始的阿拉伯数字进行编号，并将编号置于括号内。公式的编号应右端对齐，标注于该式所在行(当有续行时，应标注于最后一行)。

较长的公式需要转行时，只能在+，-，×，÷，处转行。上下式尽可能在等号“=”处对齐。公式中分数线的横线，其长度应等于或略大于分子和分母中较长的一方。如正文书写分数，应尽量将其高度降低为一行，如将分数线书写为“/”，将根号改为负指数。

英文论文标准格式范文 第4篇

Abstract

Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other partys culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down.

Key words: culture cultural difference business negotiation impact

Contents

1. Cultural difference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4

The definition of culture……………………………………..............….....4

The causes of cultural differences……………………………..………......4

Geographical differences………………………..………………....….....4

Ethnic differences…………………………..………………....................4

Political differences…………………………..………….………….…...4

Economic differences…………………………………..….……….…....4

Religious differences……………………………………..………….......4

The concept of difference…………………………………...……….......5

Importance of international business negotiations on Cultural differences…………………………………………………………….…..5

2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5

Communication process……………………………...…...……...…....…..5

Negotiating style…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8

Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8

Ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8

Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…. ...8

Concept of Collective…………………………………………………....8

Concept of time……………………………………………………….....8

3. How to deal with international business negotiations and cultural differences……………………..…………………………………………........9

To learn more about the former in the negotiations of the cultural differences that may arise………...…………………..……………….…..9

In the negotiations necessary to correctly handle the cultural differences………………………………………………………………...9

Negotiations to do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences…………...…………………………………………......……10

4. References…………………...………….………………………….……....11

Business negotiation in interpersonal relationships as a special form, relate to different geographical, ethnic, social and cultural exchanges and contacts, which have taken place in cross-cultural negotiations. In cross-cultural negotiations, the different geographical, ethnic, cultural differences will affect the thinking of those negotiations, the negotiation style and behavior, thus affecting the entire negotiation process. Therefore, to engage in business activities, especially for the cross-border business activities must understand and master the links between different cultures and differences. Conducting negotiations with the organization, also have to understand that cultural differences impact on the negotiations, only the face of such a positive impact on the desired objectives can be achieved.

1. Cultural differences

the definition of culture

National culture is a country-specific concepts and value systems, which constitute the concept of peoples lives and work behavior. The nations of the world as a result of specific historical and geographical and gradually formed its own unique cultural traditions and cultural patterns. As the difference of Chinese and Western traditional customs, values, religious beliefs , different ways of thinking, etc, making the different performance of Chinese and Western cultures.

the causes of cultural differences

Cultural diversity caused by many reasons, To sum up, the main source of cultural differences are in the following areas:

geographical differences

Refers to the geographical differences in different geographic regions due to the geographical environment, the level of economic development and traditional differences in habits, people often have different language, lifestyle and hobbies. And these will affect their behavior. For example, the West and the American people in some countries treat Christmas important, but in areas such as near the equator do not have snow all the year round, the people of some African countries may not have the concept of Christmas because the best modified Christmas is snow, as to the people in the region that are not long-term snow ,there is little concentration of Christmas than American States.

national differences

Ethnic differences is the different ethnic groups in the development of long-term process, the formation of their own language, customs and preferences, habits. Their diet, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life of their own characteristics. Take the history of our country and our Hun Han, the Xiongnu people are valiant, characteristics of typical nomads. And we tame the Han character, the typical characteristics of farming nation. Which led to the Huns in the diet, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life are different with Han.

the political differences

Political differences are due to the political system and the policies and regulations on peoples behavior with the role of a standardized, so that all peoples in the political aspects on the concept of the existence are differences. Take the United States and France as example, the United States by the Constitution the powers of the President of the severe restrictions on the two major powers with other institutions of Congress and the Supreme Court of strong constraints. While France also had to set was ready to royalist restoration of the monarchy of the Third Republic to amend the Constitution a little further expand the powers of the president.

economic disparities

Economic differences are result of the economic factors of a reflection of cultural differences. For example, the people in the Western developed countries are rich lives and high level of education, people will pay more attention to the quality of life, security means more generally. And economic backwardness of the Third World, people care more about food and clothing.

religious differences

Religion is the development of human society to a certain stage of historical phenomenon, Religion has its own (Catholic) Major epidemic in Western Europe and South American; Islam is the scope of the whole of the Middle East and North Africa. Buddhism is more prevalent in Asian countries. The world has three major religions: Christianity, Buddhism and Islam. Christian (Protestant) is major epidemic in Northern Europe, North America and Australia; people in many parts of Asia believe in Buddhist. Different religions have different cultural tendencies and precepts, which affect the way of people understand things, codes of conduct and values.

the concept of Values difference

Values are means of objective evaluation criteria of things. It includes the concept of time, wealth, the attitude towards life, the attitude to risk and so on. Different societies’ people to the same things and problems will come to different and even opposite conclusions.

Geographical differences, ethnic differences, political differences, economic differences, religious differences and differences in concepts have the impact on peoples penetration in the food, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life in all its aspects. Thus affecting peoples behavior, values, religious beliefs and modes of thought have a lot of difference, Finally has formed the various countries and areas of cultural differences.

cultural differences on the importance of international business negotiations

Practice in the negotiations, many negotiators often do not understand, or took note of the cultural importance of the significant impact on negotiations. Negotiating parties for foreign culture, some negotiators may have noticed some of the other negotiations, “different” or “hard to understand” the concrete manifestation of negotiations, but that is not important. Some people blindly believe that negotiation is the use of foreign-related facts and figures to speak, and the facts and data are common. Similarly, some foreign countries’ negotiators to negotiations with each other to maintain harmonious relations, they will notice the similarities between both cultures, while ignoring their differences. Lets look at an example.

In 1992, negotiators from China and other 12 experts of different professions to form a delegation to the United States purchases about 30 million . dollars of chemical equipment and technology. The US naturally does everything possible to satisfy them. One of them is negotiations in the first round of the delegation sent to each of them a small souvenir. The Souvenirs packaging is very particular is a beautiful red box, red for advanced. But when the delegation was pleased to open the box when face-to-face in accordance with the Americans, Everyones face appears very not the nature actually--there is a golf cap, but the color is green. American businessmans intention is: after signing the contract, and everyone to play golf. But they don’t know the “be a cuckold” is the biggest taboo in Chinese men. Finally the delegation did not sign the contract, not because the Americans “insult” people, but because they work careless, and even don’t know the common sense that Chinese men taboo “be a cuckold”. How can we feel free to tens of millions of dollars project to them? It can be seen that the failure of the Americans negotiation is due to they do not understand the Chinese culture.

From the above examples, we can learn in business negotiations, if we do not attach importance to each others cultural differences, the negotiations are likely to lead to failure.

2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations

The impact of culture on negotiations is extensive and profound, and different cultures will naturally divided people into different groups, this region, the difference between their respective groups are bringing people of different cultural groups tend to alienate each other; On the other hand, different cultural communication and exchanges between people are also obstacles. Therefore, the requirements of the negotiators to accept each others culture, but also by cultural differences, unmistakably reveals that the purpose of understanding of each others behavior, and they have been accepted by the other party, and ultimately reach a consensus agreement.

Overall, the impact on culture negotiations are in following several aspects:

the communication process

Cultural differences on the communication process of the negotiations, first of all is the performance of the communication language in the negotiation process. Language is a bridge of any country, any region and any nation. States companies, individuals to conduct business negotiations, we must first have the language to this. The differences language of international business activities is the most direct and clear. Such as Chinas “white elephant” brand batteries, to the English “White Elephant” it would cause bad associations.

Because the “White Elephant” In addition to the name of animals that have two meanings: “The owner did not use, but may be useful to others; do not reuse things.” Solve the language problem is very simple, you can hire a translator or use a common third language to talk. While the negotiators of the language used in a variety of cultures with higher fitness, but no matter what, the difference is obvious. Such as Japan, Brazil and France Culture, the Japanese style of business communication is the most polite, more positive commitment to the use of recommended and guarantees, and less use of threats, commands and warnings of freedom of speech, their manners of speech style, The most prominent is that they do not often use “no”, “you” and facial gaze, but to maintain a period of silence; Brazilian businessmen to use “no” and “you” at the higher frequency, their negotiation style seems more presumptuous, and it seems not lonely in the negotiations, to gaze at each other and touch each other from time to time; French businessmen negotiating style is all the most presumptuous, in particular, their use of threats and warnings at the highest frequency, in addition, they are still very frequent use of interrupted, facial gaze, as well as “no” and “you”. It can be seen, only to clarify these differences that can avoid the reticent Japanese, Brazilian over enthusiasm or the French’s misunderstanding of the threat, which achieved the success of international business negotiations.

Cultural differences impact on the negotiation process not only in the process of language communication, but also in the process of non-verbal communication. Cultural differences will lead to different countries or regions in the body language of negotiations, the use of action language significantly different, or even the same language of action is diametrically opposed to the transfer of information. For example, the vast majority of countries are in favor of nod his head for agree. But in India, Nepal and other countries that are certainly shaking his head, that is, shaking his head and smiling, that is positive meaning, some people just do it diagonally on the rise is still a good way, some people are a population frequency said “You are right! You are right!” but a continuously shaking his head, often make others do not know its true psychological and full of doubt. But negotiators shape, movement, language, awareness and use of the differences, also create an obstacle for the negotiations in communication.

Cultural differences also can lead to the negotiators of the differences in communication. People of different cultures have their preferences and habits of communication and cross-cultural negotiations in the negotiating parties often belong to different cultures, have their own customary means of communication. Accustomed to different means of communication between the parties to conduct a more depth in communication, often cause a wide range of issues. From countries with a high culture of the negotiators and those from countries with low culture of the negotiators may be in different ways of expression during the negotiation process. From countries with a high culture of the negotiators may be chosen euphemism, indirect ways to express their meaning. While from low culture of the negotiators preference for using oral expression to negotiate, direct or receive a clear message, straightforward means to express themselves. These two negotiators from different cultures during the negotiations, the party think the other side is often too rough, while the other may think that the other side lack of good faith in negotiations, or misunderstanding the silence of each others conditions for its approval.

the negotiation style

The negotiation style is the main bearing and the attitude which displays in the negotiations activities. the style of negotiations in the course of negotiators’ behavior, conduct and control of the negotiation process of the method and means. Negotiators negotiations Style with a deep cultural stigma. Culture not only determines the Ethics Code of Ethics for negotiators, but also affects the way of thinking negotiators’ behavior and personality, so that make the negotiators of different cultural backgrounds form a very different style of negotiation. Negotiating style of the negotiation process for the negotiations between the two sides approach the relationship, contacts, and even the structure of the negotiations has a direct impact.

Adhere to cultural differences, negotiating styles can be divided into two types: the negotiation style of Oriental and Western style negotiations. Oriental style is based on negotiations as the background of oriental culture of Asian countries negotiation styles, with Japan, South Korea for a typical representative:

Japanese business men are conservative, attention to status-oriented, credit and the initial cooperation, co-dependent relationship between stress and good at negotiating. Japanese attached great importance to the negotiations in the transaction to establish harmonious interpersonal relationships. If there had been contacts with Japanese, before the negotiations should be recall the past exchanges and friendship between the two sides, which will be beneficial to the next negotiations. They did not support and habit the direct, purely commercial activities. If it is the first time to establish trade relations with Japanese, the party responsible for higher status in charge visits in opposite party enterprise at the same level status person in charge is extremely important, it attached great importance to Japanese companies and the trading relationship with you. When negotiations with Japan, it’s the best to send staff rank and status at high-level than the other side. This will facilitate the conduct of the talks. It should also be noted that Japanese womens status in society is lower, generally they not allowed to participate in the operation and management of large companies activities, the Japanese are also in a number of important occasions of non-female. Therefore, when encountered formal negotiations generally not appropriate to allow women to participate in, or else they may be skeptical, and even expressed dissatisfaction.

Korean character stubborn, often stuck to their own views in the negotiations and will not easily compromise. In this case we must grasp the strategy, it is necessary to adhere to argue, but also common sense to master a certain sense of propriety, and sometimes also need to be patient. On the other hand, South Korea in the negotiations seldom to express the views directly, often need the other side to try to figure out, in order to accurately understand the meaning of each other, South Korea may ask the same question repeatedly, so that when making decisions to ensure the correctness. And South Korea signed a contract does not mean that their success will not be changed, for other reasons they would seek to amend or re-start negotiations with you.

Western-type style of negotiation is based on Western culture of Europe and the United States as the background style of negotiations. The main representatives are the United States and United Kingdom.

Americans often talk about “Business is Business” (business to the business) means doing business need to not recognize ones own closest relatives, insist on the principle of things not for people. “Time is money”, “money is everything” is the unswerving credo of American. Their business activities is often straightforward, be anxious for success, business came straight to the point, they always picking up the phone to talk, sit down and get straight to the point, They calculate the progress by the hour and the number of days, their opponents often feel pressure from them. American businessmen do not like the use an agent or participate in negotiations with the consultant, give others the impression that they can say on behalf of the company. They like to sit down to do business immediately. In addition, the United States businessmen attached great importance to economic benefits, they have a slang called: “Bang for Buck”, that is, with minimum capital investment to obtain the greatest benefit.

British merchants engaged in commercial activities pay more attention to informal traders than other countries in the world, but also more conservative. Even today, the world has entered the electronic information age, in the UK by telephone to talk about business is unacceptable. British businessmen are more willing to make full preparations in advance, and then face-to-face talks. As long as they do not believe that the details of a settlement will not solve, they will never sign, all must have to do as rule. As a result of the British very great importance to the position, the title is also very important to them. Therefore, the selection status of the person as a broker of highly influential business, political forces and the role of trade unions in the business also can not be neglected.

Of course, it also must pay attention to the actual negotiations process, although the same cultural background of the negotiators, the talks there was a clear difference, but subject to sub-culture, as well as other factors, the same cultural background of individual negotiators, the negotiations style can be very different.

Cultural values

Cultural values is measure the consequences of peoples behavior and standards. They affecting the way of people understanding the problems and will give rise to a strong emotional impact. In different cultures, values will be very different. Culture in a very appropriate behavior in another culture may be seen as immoral. For example, Americans believe that nepotism is immoral, however it as an obligation at the majority of Latin American culture. Therefore, the Understanding of a certain society in popular as well as these ideas in the personal behavior the degree which respects is very important. Our discussions here will focus on those activities is essential to understand the socio-economic values, more specifically, is these for promote the cross-cultural communicative competence and the values is worth noting.

Ethics

China has heavier ethics. “Acquaintance” and “relationship” has its own special meaning and significance, once the relations have been established, the two sides have become acquaintances or friends, and generous concessions to help the situation appear, and the degree of trust and tolerance will be improved, so the Chinese people have more oral agreement. Americans is not the case, they do not pay attention to cultivating the feelings of both sides, and attempts to separate business and friendship. To deal with the problem, often used the legal means, lawyers come forward to solve the problem is common, it is flexible and not rigid, we should clearly recognize this point. However, once sign the contract, they are very much focused on the legal contract, the performance of the contract is higher. The Chinese delegation to the West, maybe a long time no one could entertain, and this misunderstanding of the people are not interested in their visit; Europeans come to China, No matter what they do may find that there are people who accompanied, and this misunderstanding of the people lack of trust in them. Of foreign visitors, a senior care too much, not to mention dinner, often mistakenly believe that this expressed his companys products or have a preference, this in fact is the Chinese hospitality, This can lead to subsequent disappointment, and even complain.

awareness

In the course of the Chinese and Western cultural traditions and different cultural values, on the negotiations issues tend to have a confrontation or misunderstanding. Chinas national character has a very remarkable phenomenon, that is Settles on the face or the dignity. At the negotiating table, if make a choice from “decent” and “interest”, both the Chinese people will often choose to “decent.” Why do the Chinese people want to save face at all costs? Because of the ideological core of Chinese culture is a group consciousness. In accordance with the sense that each one is not a separate person, but living in a certain social relations, and no face will not the face of others, there is no face on the people and will not be able to live in the social and group life, and may even be abandoned by society and the groups. But not like Westerners, they value the interests of negotiations, they will not hesitate to choose interest from “decent” and “interest” of the two. Chinese people regarding negotiations result whether can bring honor for their face, looks extremely important, as well as some Western negotiators in their works cautioned China in the talks, we must note that use of Chinas national character. It is clear that only a correct understanding and properly grasp the existence of Chinese and Western differences in national character, can effectively help us in a timely manner to correct our own shortcomings and strengthen our own advantages and use of others shortcomings to collapse of others strengths.

the concept of collective

Chinas concept of collective a stronger emphasis on collective responsibility, Therefore the negotiations pattern basically is the collective, but to make the final decisions are a decisive one, and even the decisive one simply has not entered the stage. This is known as the cultural experts of “high from the right to culture”, in the event of difficult issues more complicated, the negotiators on the difficult decisions; and the Western culture of Jurists which was referred to as “low from the right to culture”, on the surface is one or two people out, negotiators have been given the appropriate permissions, or assisted in its decision-making think-tank, which in the negotiations, the sole responsibility of the negotiations were heavier, higher and more flexible.

the concept of time

Concept of time and how it decided the peoples action plan for international business negotiations has a broad impact of the invisible. The daily negotiations behavior manifests observes the difference aspect of time may be is the most obvious results of the performance. Jewish businessmen attached great importance of time. They always believe that time is not money, time and goods, is the capital to make money. Money can borrow, but time can not be borrowed, the time is more valuable than money. A wealthy Jewish income of 200,000 US dollars monthly have been considered such an account: his daily wage is 8 1000 dollars, then about 17 . dollars per minute. If he had been disturbed and waste 5 minutes, then is the equivalent of stolen 85 . dollars in cash. Strong concept of time improved the efficiency of the Jews, they are often at work in seconds and every second counts. On the Jewish people, never appear leave early, late, or to stall for time and so on. In the business activities of the Jews “Uninvited guest” is almost as the same as the “unwelcome person”, because uninvited guests will disrupt the timing of the original, and waste everybodys time. For the time extremely mean of the Jewish, in the time to discuss the concept of time is stronger. Before Jews in the negotiations, the time must have been agreement. They agreed not only in a certain period of a day, but also appointment “from the starting points to a few minutes to talk about.” During the meeting, in addition to polite greetings outside, the Jews immediately to discuss business, this is have good manners and good performance, at the same time that mean respect of each other.

3. how to deal with the cultural differences on international business negotiations

Only recognize and accommodate cultural differences can take the whole process of negotiations in response to countermeasures, including before the negotiations that may arise cultural differences, correctly handle the cultural differences on negotiations, do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences after negotiations.

before the negotiations to understand the cultural differences that may arise

It is essential to understand cultural differences before negotiations. Preparatory work for negotiations include: the background of negotiations and assessment of the situation, to verify the fact the negotiation process, the agenda, the best strategy options and concessions. The background of the negotiations also include the location, site layout, bargaining unit, the Senate on the number of listeners, the channels of communication and the time limit of negotiations. All these preparations must be taken into account possible of cultural differences. For example, the venue layout of cultural differences may have a slightly affected of the cooperation. In the culture of heavier hierarchy, if the room arrangement improper, more casually, it could lead to anxiety and even anger of the other side.

In addition, negotiations styles are due to culture differences. American culture tend to work together “to finalize an agreement”; and Japanese culture likes to talk with everyone separately, if everyone agrees, then arranges a broader scope discussion; the Russian people like a total approach, and one to talk about to settle an agreement, and then the front of the two parties invite a third party, so continue.

Time limit for the control of the negotiations is also very important. Different cultures have different concepts of time. Such as North America, the concept of time is a strong culture, for Americans, time is money. The culture of the Middle East and Latin America was relatively weak concept of time, in their view, time should be enjoyed. Thus, in international business negotiations, the concept of time differences should be prepared.

correct handling of cultural differences in the negotiations

First of all, the choice of language and use in the negotiations, for the Western countries, we must take the exchange-oriented approach, as simple clear as possible, and frank expression of his own ideas, not ambiguous and vague. For example, Americans like argued, language has a confrontational, drastic tone, they think that argued not only the right to express his personal views, but also conducive to problem-solving, divergent points of view will not affect the interpersonal relationships. In the oriental culture, in order to preserve the face sides of others, the face groups or other peoples face, frequent use of ambiguous and indirect language. Even if they disagree with others views, its rare to be rejected or refuted directly, but rather tortuous statement of his views, or to show embarrassment. The values of “Harmony” is the Chinese people to create an atmosphere of harmony as an important means of negotiations, in the negotiating process, they try to avoid friction, and friendship first, they pursued by a permanent long-term friendship and cooperation.

Secondly, the method in the negotiations, to the United States as an example, as a result of the Oriental mode of thinking is the overall orientation, their use in the negotiations is that from the overall to local, descending from general to specific, that is, first reach a consensus of general principles, and then use this to guide specific programs to solve the problem. They do not have an obvious sequence of points, usually until the end of the negotiations, all issues will be made in concessions and commitments in order to reach an agreement. Due to the impact mode of thinking, Westerners analysis the most important things in their logical relationship between the re-specific than the whole, at the beginning of negotiations, they hurry to talk about the specific terms. Therefore, we often resolve the price, delivery, warranties and service contracts and other issues at times, solve each problem, there are concessions and commitments from start to finish, the final agreement is the sum of a series small agreements.

to do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences after negotiations

Related to contract management and follow-up to the exchange of management behavior after negotiations, first as contract, in which the relationship between people-oriented countries such as China, to resolve their disputes often do not rely solely on the legal system, and often rely on the two sides relations. In these cultures, a written contract is very short, it mainly used to describe the respective responsibilities of business partners. Western countries such as the American culture, they generally will regard the contract signing ceremony as not only a waste of time but also a waste of money, so the contract is often signed by send mail. Exchange on the follow-up, the American cultural emphasis on the “distinction between people and things”, so they did not pay attention to follow-up exchanges. Oriental culture in countries such as Japan, keep the majority of the follow-up of foreign exchange customers as international business was an important part of the negotiations. They signed the contract after a long time, they will also carry out as letters, pictures, and exchange visits.

The above analysis of the cultural differences and their impact on international business negotiations, any business men engaged in cross-cultural activities should be highly priority. A cultural difference is an objective reality, the attitude of individuals or groups tend to determine the role of cultural differences, it can exaggerate the cultural differences and also reduce the barrier which causes the cultural difference to the lowest point. People in cross-cultural business negotiations, if able to overcome cultural barriers, to understand, do as the Romans do, learning to stand on other peoples point to think, that we can promote mutual understanding and work together to adapt the two sides and create an economic and cultural environment, so that we can success.

4. References

[1]Cao Ling editor: “Business English negotiations,” Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,

[2]Xie Xiaoying editor: “Business English negotiations”, China Business Press,

[3]Qiu Gejia,Yang Guojun editor: “win-win negotiations of modern business English”, China International Radio Press,

[4]Weng Fengxiang edited: “An Introduction to International Business”, Tsinghua University Press / Beijing Jiao tong University Press, 2006

[5]William Hampton with: “Jewish businessmen in business start-up experience and wisdom,” translated Zheng Ping, Harbin Publishing House,

英文论文标准格式范文 第5篇

英文论文标准的格式:

1、论文题目：（下附署名）要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。

2、目录

目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）

3、内容提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。

4、关键词或主题词

关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。

每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在提要的左下方。

主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题分析，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。（参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》）。

5、论文正文：

(2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：

a.提出问题-论点；

b.分析问题-论据和论证；

c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤；

d.结论。

6、参考文献

英文论文标准格式范文 第6篇

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身，其规范格式如下：先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号，空一格后再打论题句，回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出，次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。

各数字或字母后均为一句点，空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目，其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是，同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上，即：有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ，有A应有B,以此类推。

如果英文论文提纲较长，需两页纸，则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码，即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

英文论文标准格式范文 第7篇

同时也揭示了中国社会和谐发展的幸福水平然后，针对中国梦与大学生规划3000字论文第二届大学生职业生涯规划大赛_学生作品1 2019年04月02。2000字论文范文参考，论文2000字范文参考格式，语文论文范文参考2000字，论文的范文2000字，论文范文2000字标准范文，论文范文参考1000字，2000字论。1论文题目要求准确简练醒目新颖 2目录目录是论文中主要段落的简表短篇论文不必列目录 3提要是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短。

毕业论文6000字模范文 你好，安排本科硕士博士等各专业的毕业论文，周期短，质量高，包包修正，希望我的回答能对你有所帮助，我想录用 000字的论。一什么是文学评论 文学评论是运用文学理论现象进行研究，探讨，揭示文学的发展规律，以指导文学创作的实践活动 文学评论包括诗歌评论小说评论散文。郑州二七万达广场文秘帮论文格式模板范文，英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准 英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿。

2000字标准学术论文格式精彩范文 关键词 学术，标准，精彩，论文格式，范文 2000字标准学术论文格式精彩范文 摘要每到毕业季，同学们是不是都是在。本文主要为您介绍标准的毕业论文范文2000，内容包括00字的标准论文及格式，论文的标准格式是什么样的啊2000左右的论文该怎么写啊，国家标准的。历史论文2000字 司马戊大方鼎仍然是迄今世界上发现的最大的青铜器 人民教育出版社编写的九年义务教育中国历史第一册第24页讲到“商朝后期制。

论文是一个汉语词语，拼音是lùn wén，古典文学常见论文一词，谓交谈辞章或交流思想当代，论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。

英文论文标准格式范文 第8篇

学习一门语言是最终目的是为了交流、交际，而要交际，只掌握这门语言的语法、词汇、语音、语调等是远远不够的，还应该了解这门语言所属国家的历史、文化、风俗习惯等。只有让学生更多地把思维方式、说话习惯等往英式上靠拢，他们才能真正提高使用英语进行交际的能力。由于文化背景的差异，很多词语都有着其特定的感情色彩，切忌望文生义。例如《Seasons in the Sun》中的歌词“Goodbye Papa，please pray for was the black sheep of the family.”词中 black sheep 是“害群之马”“捣蛋鬼”的意思，而不是“黑羊”。教师的任务是要让学生学“纯英语”，而不是“中式英语”。同时还应让学生学“实用的英语”，而不是“时过境迁的英语”。流行歌曲往往使紧跟时代潮流，其中的歌词也大多是平常生活中经常使用的词语和表达法，有的经典歌词甚至以其创新的搭配成为了时下的流行语，所以多听流行歌曲对于学生在“玩抓英语”是在是好处多多。另外，教师还可以在一些西方传统节日期间组织一些活动，为学生创造亲身体验西方文化的机会。如圣诞节时，教师像开Party一样和学生围坐在一起，给他们讲解圣诞节的由来，教他们如何祷告，一起讨论如何做家庭大扫除、如何装扮圣诞树、想要什么圣诞礼物，和学生一起唱《The snowman》《Jingle bells》《Silent night》等圣诞歌曲，在圣诞氛围中学到有关圣诞的文化知识，这样不仅能激发学生的英语学习兴趣，又加深了对英语文化的理解。

随着新课改的推进，社会各界对素质教育的关注也越来越高。英语歌曲在听、说、读三个方面的教学效率都十分显著，也是对西方文化的一种反映和记录形式，用来作为教学资源非常合适。希望各位英语教师能够将英语歌曲与我们的教学内容有机结合起来，在动听的歌声中提高初中英语教学的质量。

英文论文标准格式范文 第9篇

1、人文社科类专业：一般按五级标题进行标注

(1)一级标题为“一、”、“二、”、“三、” ……;

(2)二级标题为“(一)”、“(二)”、“(三)” ……;

(3)三级标题为“1.”、“2.”、“3.” ……;

(4)四级标题为“(1)”、“(2)”、“(3)” ……;

(5)五级标题为“①”、“②”、“③” ……。

2、理工类专业：一般按四级标题进行标注

(1)一级标题为“1 ”、“2 ”、“3 ” ……;

(2)二级标题为“”、“”、“” ……;

(3)三级标题为“”、“”、“” ……;

(4)四级标题：“”、“”、“”……;

英文论文标准格式范文 第10篇

Dear sir,

I am a boy from class1, Grade2. I 'd love to be a member of the Helping Hands clubs. I am healthy. I work hard at my lessons. I like helping others. I get on well with my classmates and often help them with their lessons. On my way home, I often help old people cross the street. On buses, I always give my seats to women with babies. Sometimes, I pick up rubbish in the park. If I join the club, I will make more friends.

I'll be glad if I 'm received, I am waiting for your reply.

Yours

xxx

英文论文标准格式范文 第11篇

Dear Sir,

In response to your advertisement in the newspaper of January 15, I wish to apply for the position of (secretary, accountant, clerk, salesman, etc).

I am twenty-five years old and a graduate of xxxcollege. My experience in this line of work includes six years as an assistant accountant with the ABC Company. The reason for leaving my present employment is because they are closing their office.

I am enclosing my resume together with my photo, and believe that they may be found satisfactory. With respect to salary, I shall expect HK$5,000 a month. I assure you that if appointed, I will do my best to give your satisfaction.

Very truly yours,

XXX

英文论文标准格式范文 第12篇

1.标题

即标题，它的首要作用是归纳全部论文的中心内容。标题要切当、恰当、明显、简略、精粹。

XXXX

(标题：二号，黑体，加粗，居中，除了英语小词外，别的单词首字母都要大写;别的：除了标题外，论文中一切英文的字体均选用“Times New Roman”)

XX学院 XX级

学号XX XXX 辅导老师：XXX

2.摘要

摘要是论文的高度归纳，是长篇论文不行短少的组成有些。请求用中、英文分别书写，一篇摘要不少于200字。要注明3-5个要害字。

【Abstract】 XXXX……

(英文摘要：上空二行;标题选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不必别的任何标点符号;选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗;单倍行距。)

3.要害字

是标明文献要害主题内容，但尽量少用不标准的主题词或新造词。要害字是为了文献标引作业，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文首要内容信息款目的单词或术语。

【Key Words】 XX; XX;XX;XX

(英文要害字：标题选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不必任何别的标点符号，

选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，别的单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“;”离隔，分号以后空一格;最终一个要害字以后不必任何标点符号;单倍行距。)

4.正文

英文论文标准格式范文 第13篇

Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods: Literal Translation

Free Translation

Translation with Notes

Replacement with Similar Idioms

The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning

A Combination of Literal and Free Translation

英文论文标准格式范文 第14篇

英文论文引用格式

英文法学论文的文献引用格式是怎么样的?一篇法学学术论文往往在在大量文献引用和逻辑分析基础上得出的研究成果，下面一起看看吧!

引用规范包括两个要求：一是对于参考借鉴必须注明出处，二是引用形式要统一

1.参考借鉴必须注明出处

无论是中文还是英文论文的写作，引用的功能是完全一致的，主要包括三个方面：(1)帮助读者识别和调用相关文献资源：Help readers identify and relocate the source work。

(2)证明论文的观点是经过充分研究得出的;Provide evidence that the position is well-researched。

此外，在阅读一些论文的时候，我们经常看到一个引用泛化的现象，就是引用没有体现上述功能。

例如，将学界通识引用为个别知名教授的观点，将一些基本事实、常识引用为个别文章的成果，等等。

2.引用形式要统一

引用形式要统一，是指引用的格式必须按照标准化的要求做到全文统一，并遵循有关要求。

在英文论文写作中，引用的格式有多种参考标准。

在Google Scholar检索中自动生成的Citation形式里面，就有MLA、APA和GB/T 7714三种可选，其中第三个是中国国家标准化管理委员会发布的国家标准《文后参考文献著录规则》，在国内高校的毕业论文引用规范和理工科学术期刊中采用较多。

此外，国际标准化组织(ISO)还发布了文献引用格式的国际标准ISO 690: (Information and documentation -- Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources)，致力于推动文献引用格式的国际协调一致。

文献引用格式的标准化，有利于促进文献数据的信息化处理，进而服务于学术影响力评价等诸多方面。

目前，各种类型文献引用规范都是推荐性的。

各个研究机构、学术期刊往往会根据本领域文献的特征，选择其中一种或者自创一种格式作为采用格式。

在法学论文引用格式中，以《哈佛法律评论》等为主的期刊联盟就自行制定了文献引用体系的蓝皮书，也即The Bluebook，该引用格式目前是英文世界法学文献的主流引用格式。

此外，APA、Martin也被诸多法学研究机构和学术期刊采用，故此，本文就分别介绍一下The Bluebook、APA、Martin的基本情况。

1、The Bluebook 文献引用格式

The Bluebook的英文全称为The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation，中文全称为《蓝皮书：统一注释体系》。

在使用过程中，一般直接称为蓝皮书(The Bluebook)，它是一本在美国使用最为广泛的法律引用指南。

蓝皮书是由《哈佛法律评论》、《哥伦比亚法律评论》、《宾夕法尼亚法律评论》、《耶鲁法律评论》的编委会共同参与编写。

蓝皮书第一版出版于1926年，现在已经出到了第二十版。

蓝皮书是美国绝大多数法学院进行引用时参考的指南，也是美国绝大多数联邦法院使用的引用格式。

当然，美国最高法院有自己的引用格式，每个州在自己的法院系统里也只遵守自己制定的引用格式。

The Bluebook全书共计560页，详细的列举了各类文献的引用形式。

在书中，你可以看到中文文献的英文引用方式，也可以看到同一本文献的多种引用形式。

英文论文标准格式范文 第15篇

一、封面

题目：小二号黑体加粗居中。

各项内容：四号宋体居中。

二、目录

目录：二号黑体加粗居中。

章节条目：五号宋体。

行距：单倍行距。

三、论文题目： 小一号黑体加粗居中。

四、中文摘要

1、摘要：小二号黑体加粗居中。

2、摘要内容字体：小四号宋体。

3、字数：300字左右。

4、行距：20磅

5、关键词： 四号宋体，加粗。 词3-5个，每个词间空一格。

五、英文摘要

1、ABSTRACT：小二号 Times New Roman.

2、内容字体：小四号 Times New Roman.

3、单倍行距。

4、Keywords： 四号 加粗。 词3-5个，小四号 Times New Roman. 词间空一格。

六、绪论 小二号黑体加粗居中。内容500字左右，小四号宋体，行距：20磅

七、正文

(一)论文的正文用小四号宋体

(二)论文的安保、管理类毕业论文各章节按照一、二、三、四、五级标题序号字体格式

章：标题 小二号黑体，加粗，居中。

节：标题 小三号黑体，加粗，居中。

一级标题序号 如：一、二、三、 标题四号黑体，加粗，顶格。

二级标题序号 如：(一)论文的(二)论文的(三)论文的 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，顶格。

三级标题序号 如：. 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。

四级标题序号 如：(1)论文的(2)论文的(3)论文的 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。

五级标题序号 如：①②③ 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。

医学、体育类毕业论文各章序号用阿拉伯数字编码，层次格式为：1××××(小2号黑体，居中)论文的××××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)论文的。××××(3号黑体，居左)论文的×××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)论文的。××××(小3号黑体，居左)论文的××××××××××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)论文的。①××××(用与内容同样大小的宋体)论文的a.××××(用与内容同样大小的宋体)论文的

(三)论文的表格

每个表格应有自己的表序和表题，表序和表题应写在表格上方正中。表序后空一格书写表题。表格允许下页接续写，表题可省略，表头应重复写，并在右上方写“续表××”。

(四)论文的插图

每幅图应有图序和图题，图序和图题应放在图位下方居中处。图应在描图纸或在洁白纸上用墨线绘成，也可以用计算机绘图。

(五)论文的论文中的图、表、公式、算式等，一律用阿拉伯数字分别依序连编编排序号。序号分章依序编码，其标注形式应便于互相区别，可分别为：图、表、公式()论文的等。

文中的阿拉伯数字一律用半角标示。

八、结束语

小二号黑体加粗居中。内容300字左右，小四号宋体，行距：20磅。

九、致谢

小二号黑体加粗居中。内容小四号宋体，行距：20磅

十、参考文献

(一)论文的小二号黑体加粗居中。内容8—10篇， 五号宋体， 行距：20磅。参考文献以文献在整个论文中出现的次序用[1]、[2]、[3]……形式统一排序、依次列出。

(二)论文的参考文献的格式：

十一、附录(可略去)论文的

小二号黑体加粗居中。 英文内容小四号 Times New Roman. 单倍行距。翻译成中文字数不少于500字 内容五号宋体，行距：20磅。

十二、提示

论文用A4纸纵向单面打印。页边距设置：上，下，左，右。

英文论文标准格式范文 第16篇

英语论文格式模板

英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准。

英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿，彩色打印件会影响出版效果。 版心：a4纸，上、下页边距 cm，左、右页边距均为 mm。论文内容宽不得超过， 长不得超过。

行距：单倍行距。

页码：论文正文和文后所附图例都需添加页码。页码为阿拉伯数字，位于页面下方居中。

文体：文章应语法正确，技术用词准确。标题应该以最简洁的语言概括文章内容。如果标题较长，请采用title: subtitle的形式。

数学公式：文中的数学公式不得手写，必须打印。公式如果在文中多次被引用，应该编号。公式之间，公式和正文之间都应该空一行。 单位： 文中所用的度量衡单位应为国际单位。可在括号内，单位对应表中列出其他单位。有关国际单位的使用(standard practice for use of the international system of units)可以通过电话1-向asce索取。其他相关使用参考文献，如anmc metric editorial guide， 5th ed，1992 可向美国国家公制协会 索取(american national metric council， 1735n. lynn street， suite 950， arlington， va 22209-2022)

图表：

标题说明和图例：插入的图表应该以出现顺序编号(figure 1，figure 2，table 1，table 2)。图的说明和标题，包括图的序号应该位于图的下方。表的说明和标题，包括表的序号应该位于表格上方。

位置：图可以插入到正文中，或者集中放在文章最后。如果在正文中插入图，尽量放在页面的顶部或尾部。不要选择文字环绕图形的对齐方式，可选择上下环绕方式。

底纹：插图中不要选择带阴影或底纹，否则会影响印刷效果。

照片：如果文中需要附上照片，在文中出现照片的地方贴上其黑白光面冲洗照片，标题说明位于照片下方。照片将和正文一起缩印，请不要提供彩色照片，以免影响印刷效果。

扫描图：印刷后的扫描图不如原件清晰。如果文中有扫描图，请提供灰色色标扫描图。

英文论文标准格式范文 第17篇

Dear Sir，

In response to your advertisement in the newspaper of January 15，I wish to apply for the position of(secretary，accountant，clerk，salesman，etc).I am twenty-five years old and a graduate of xx college. My experience in this line of work includes six years as an assistant accountant with the ABC reason for leaving my present employment is because they are closing their am enclosing my resume together with my photo，and believe that they may be found respect to salary，I shall expect HK$5,000 a month.

I assure you that if appointed, I will do my best to give your satisfaction.

Very truly yours

xxx

英文论文标准格式范文 第18篇

英文论文字体格式

相信很多同学都会接触到英文论文，那么英文论文的文章字体用多大合适呢?字体格式有什么要求?让我们就来给大家简单科普一下吧!

英文论文字体格式

一、论文的题目要求

1、论文题目以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合，并有助于选定关键词和编制目录

2、论文题目不能用缩略词、首字母缩略词、字符、代号和公式等

3、论文题目一般不超过20个字

4、论文题目语义未尽可用副标题补充说明

二、论文摘要的要求

应具有独立性和自含性，是一篇完整的短文，它说明论文的主要思想、结构框架，或研究工作的`目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论

三、论文的关键词

每篇论文必须选中3--5个中、英文关键词，以显著的字符另起一行，排在其对应摘要的左下方，中文关键词尽可能用《汉语主题词表》等词表提到的规范词

四、论文的字体及字号格式

1、英文统一使用Microsoft Word软件中的Times New Roman字体，所用中文使用“宋体”字体

2、内封大标题使用“粗体三号字”，内封其他信息使用“粗体四号字”

3、正文大标题使用“粗体小三号字”，章节标题使用“粗体四号字”

4、正文使用字体为 Times New Roma，大小为12 font(也就是小四)“小四号字”，正文中成段的引文使用“五号字”

5、行距 为 或 2倍 行距，段与段之间需要空一行

6、对齐方式为左对齐 或者 两侧对齐(总之，左起必须顶格)

7、Reference(参考文献)必须另起一页，且不计入文章字数

相关阅读

英文论文范文

Implication of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations

Abstract

Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have

become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other party's culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down.

Key words:culture cultural difference business negotiation impact

Contents

1. Cultural difference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4

The definition of culture……………………………………..............….....4

The causes of cultural differences……………………………..………......4

Geographical differences………………………..………………....….....4

Ethnic differences…………………………..………………....................4

Political differences…………………………..………….………….…...4

Economic differences…………………………………..….……….…....4

Religious differences……………………………………..………….......4

The concept of difference…………………………………...……….......5

Importance of international business negotiations on Cultural differences…………………………………………………………….…..5

2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5

Communication process……………………………...…...……...…....…..5

Negotiating style…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8

Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8

Ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8

Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…. ...8

Concept of Collective…………………………………………………....8

Concept of time……………………………………………………….....8

3. How to deal with international business negotiations and cultural differences……………………..…………………………………………........9